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1.
Actual. osteol ; 18(2): 75-81, oct. 2022. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1437673

ABSTRACT

Para la evaluación longitudinal de la composición corporal por DXA se deben calcular los cambios mínimos significativos (CMS). No está claro si hay diferencias de género para los CMS de adultos. Con consentimiento informado se realizaron 2 escaneos DXA de cuerpo completo consecutivos, con reposicionamiento entre ellos, en 40 varones y 40 mujeres (rango de edad de 22 a 85 años), con un equipo GE Lunar Prodigy Advance®, siguiendo las pautas de la International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). Todos los escaneos fueron obtenidos por la misma técnica experta. Los CMS se calcularon de acuerdo con el método propuesto por la ISCD. Los resultados se analizaron con GraphPad® para Windows 6.0, con una significancia fijada en p < 0,05. No hubo diferencias de género para la edad (p = 0,846) o el índice de masa corporal (p = 0,802). La altura, la masa corporal, la masa magra y el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) fueron mayores en los varones (todos p < 0,0001), mientras que la masa grasa fue mayor en las mujeres (p = 0,0036). No hubo diferencias significativas entre géneros para los coeficientes de variación de masa grasa (p = 0,0698), masa magra (p = 0,1483) o CMO (p = 0,5254). Los CMS (para IC de 95%) para la masa grasa fueron 1,780 kg (varones), 1,671 kg (mujeres) y 1,727 kg (ambos sexos); para masa magra, 1,658 kg (varones), 1,644 kg (mujeres) y 1,651 (ambos sexos); y para CMO, 112,2 g (varones), 109,4 (mujeres) y 110,8 g (ambos sexos). Los resultados sugieren que los CMS para la composición corporal de su-jetos adultos pueden calcularse a partir de una muestra de cualquier género o una que incluya sujetos de ambos sexos. (AU)


Lack of gender-related differences in least significant changes for DXA body composition analysis in adult subjectsFor longitudinal assessment of body composition by DXA, least significant changes (LSCs) should be calculated. It is unclear if there are gender differences for adult LSCs. With informed consent, 2 consecutive total-body DXA scans, with repositioning between them, were performed on 40 males and 40 females (age range 22 to 85 years) with a GE Lunar Prodigy Advance scanner, following the guidelines of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). All scans were obtained by the same skilled technologist. The LSCs were calculated according to the method proposed by the ISCD. Results were analyzed with GraphPad for Windows 6.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. There were no gender differences for age (p = 0.846) or body mass index (p = 0.802). Height, body mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC) were higher in males (all p < 0.0001), whereas fat mass was higher in females (p = 0.0036). There was no significant difference between genders for the coefficients of variation of fat mass (p = 0.0698), lean mass (p = 0.1483), or BMC (p = 0.5254). The LSCs (for a 95% CI) for fat mass were 1.780 kg (men), 1.671 kg (women), and 1.727 kg (both genders); for lean mass, 1.658 kg (men), 1.644 kg (women) and 1,651 (both genders); and for BMC, 112.2 g (men), 109.4 (women), and 110.8 g (both genders). These results suggest that LSCs for body composition of adult subjects can be calculated from either a sample of each gender or one that includes subjects of both genders. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Body Composition , Absorptiometry, Photon , Bone Density , Sex Factors , Reference Values , Body Height , Body Weight , Body Mass Index , Anthropometry , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Age Factors , Adiposity
2.
Actual. osteol ; 18(3): 157-168, 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1452184

ABSTRACT

El año 2022 marca el primer centenario del descubrimiento de la vitamina D, hallazgo que recompensó la prolongada búsqueda de la causa del raquitismo, su prevención y tratamiento. Al mismo tiempo puso en marcha importantes investigaciones relaciona-das con su biotransformación y el mecanismo de su acción antirraquítica, además de estudios sobre diversos efectos biológicos sin relación directa con su papel en la salud ósea. Esta breve revisión se limitará a delinear la prehistoria de la vitamina D y los diversos estudios, básicos y clínicos, que condujeron a su descubrimiento y caracterización química. (AU)


The year 2022 marks the centenary of the discovery of vitamin D, a breakthrough that rewarded the long search for the cause of rickets, its prevention and treatment. At the same time, it launched important investigations related to its biotransformation and the mechanism of its antirachitic action, as well as studies on various biological effects without direct relation to its role in bone health. This brief review will be limited to an outline of the prehistory of vitamin D and the various basic and clinical studies that led to its discovery and chemical characterization. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Rickets/history , Vitamin D/history , Ultraviolet Rays , Cod Liver Oil
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 67(5): 481-490, sep.-oct. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-489373

ABSTRACT

La contracepción de emergencia puede evitar el embarazo luego de un coito sin medidas contraceptivas o cuando éstas fallan. Se recomienda el levonorgestrel, un gestágeno sintético, en dosis única de 1.5 mg (alternativamente en dos dosis de 0.75 mg espaciadas 12 h). Su eficacia es moderada, pues impide aproximadamente 80% de los embarazos. La eficacia es mayor cuanto más precozmente se administre, pero puede darse hasta 5 días post-coito. La tolerancia es similar o superior a la de otros preparados empleados con igual propósito. Los efectos adversos comprenden náuseas, vómitos, cefalea, tensión mamaria y alteraciones transitorias en la siguiente menstruación. Se desconoce si el levonorgestrel aumenta la probabilidad de embarazo ectópico cuando el tratamiento fracasa. No se recomienda su empleo como contraceptivo habitual. Cuando se administra antes del pico preovulatorio de LH, el levonorgestrel generalmente bloquea o retrasa la ovulación. Puede asimismo afectar la migración de los espermatozoides en el tracto genital femenino e, indirectamente, la fertilización. Pese a haberse postulado reiteradamente, no existe evidencia de un efecto antiimplantatorio. El conocimiento del método es muy variable en diferentes sociedades, pero aun donde es bien conocido permanece subutilizado. Se ha propuesto proveer levonorgestrel por adelantado para promover su uso. En ensayos clínicos, tal provisión no afectó adversamente el comportamiento sexual ni el empleo de otros contraceptivos, pero tampoco redujo el número de embarazos o abortos. En consecuencia, el empleo de levonorgestrel debe considerarse un método de respaldo que no reemplaza el uso de contraceptivos más eficaces.


Emergency contraception may avoid pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or when regular contraceptive measures fail. Levonorgestrel, a synthetic gestagen, is recommended for emergency contraception as a single 1.5-mg dose or, alternatively, two 0.75-mg doses taken 12 h apart. Its efficacy is moderate, preventing about 80% of pregnancies. Efficacy is higher the earlier after unprotected intercourse the drug is taken, but it may be administered up to 5 days post-coitum. Tolerance is similar to, or better than, those of other oral emergency contraceptives. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, breast tenderness and transient alteration of menstrual bleeding pattern. It is not known whether levonogestrel increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy when the treatment fails. Its use as an ongoing contraceptive method is discouraged. When given before the preovulatory LH peak, levonorgestrel blocks or delays ovulation. It may also affect sperm migration in the female reproductive tract and have an effect on fertilization. Although it has been often postulated, there is no evidence for an anti-implantatory effect. Acquaintance with the method is quite variable among different societies, but it remains underutilized even where it is well known. Advance provision of the drug has been proposed as a way to promote its use. In clinical trials, advance provision did not adversely modify sexual or regular contraceptive behavior, but it did not reduce pregnancy or abortion rate either. Therefore, emergency contraception with levonorgestrel should be regarded as a backup method which is not a substitute for the continued use of more effective contraceptive methods.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Contraception, Postcoital , Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage , Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Levonorgestrel/administration & dosage , Ovulation/drug effects , Clinical Trials as Topic , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/adverse effects , Fallopian Tubes/drug effects , Fertilization/physiology , Intrauterine Devices , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Pregnancy, Ectopic/etiology
4.
Biocell ; 30(1): 43-49, abr. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-448077

ABSTRACT

Electrophysiological events occur early after fertilization, along with changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Passive electrical parameters were determined in golden hamster oocytes by whole cell patch-clamp method. In separate experiments the effect of 4-aminopyridine on resting oocytes was tested. The single-channel patch clamp configuration was employed to assess the electrical response to fertilization with homologous sperm. Structure of oocytes submitted to patch clamp was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and found to be preserved.Oocyte diameter was 70.2 ± 2.2 µm; their resting parameters were: membrane potential 23.8 ± 0.8 mV; total membrane specific resistance 519.1 ± 94.6 Ù.cm2, and specific capacity 0.99 ± 0.03 µF.cm-2. Total membrane current was decreased by 42 % by 4-aminopyridine.Control oocytes and oocytes exposed to sperm differed in their membrane currents in response to a voltage ramp clamping membrane potential from - 100 mV to + 100 mV. In both cases, currents were largest at the most negative potentials, but sperm-exposed oocytes had larger currents. Additionally, while in controloocytes the current was inward at negative potentials but outward at positive potentials, in the presence of spermatozoa oocytes was inward within the whole voltage range tested. This latter current may represent Ca2+ en try


Subject(s)
Male , Guinea Pigs , Animals , Female , Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Fertilization/physiology , Mesocricetus , Oocytes , Oocytes/physiology , Oocytes/ultrastructure , Patch-Clamp Techniques/veterinary
5.
Acta gastroenterol. latinoam ; 36(3): 113-124, 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-461597

ABSTRACT

Chronic hypobaric hypoxia is a physiological environmental stressor. While its effects on most major organsystems have been extensively studied, few works have addressed hypoxia-induced changes in intestinal transport.The effects of cyclooxygenase blockade with indomethacin on short-circuit current (Isc) and oxygen consumption(QO2) of the distal colonic epithelium ofcontrol rats and rats submitted to hypoxia for 10 days at 0.52 atm were studied. Isolated mucosae weremounted in an Ussing chamber modified for measuring QO2 while preserving transepithelial vectorial transport. Amiloride was added to the mucosal hemichamber to block a sodium component of Isc present in hypoxic rats. In this condition, basal Isc did not differ between the hypoxic and the control group, but QO2 was higher in the former. Indomethacin (30 ìmol/L)reduced Isc to the same extent in both groups, but QO2 reduction was larger in the hypoxic group. Pharmacologicalblockade of chloride secretion and a low-chloride solution abolished the indomethacin-induced reductionsof Isc in both groups, and the reduction of QO2 in controls, and attenuated but did not suppress the QO2 reduction in the hypoxic group. Linear regressionanalysis of QO2 changes versus Isc changes yielded a significant correlation for both groups, with regression lines with the same slope, but a higher position in hypoxic hypoxic animals. Results suggest that spontaneously released prostaglandins are equally important for maintaining colonic chloride secretion in hypoxic as in normoxic rats, but that, in the former, indomethacin has an additional effect on QO2 which is unrelated to ion transport.


La hipoxia hipobárica crónica es un estresante ambiental fisiológico. Aunque sus efectos se han estudiado en lamayoría de los sistemas orgánicos, hay pocos trabajos sobre su influencia en el transporte intestinal. Se estudió el efecto del bloqueo de la ciclooxigenasa con indometacina sobre la corriente de cortocircuito (Isc), el consumo de oxígeno (QO2) del epitelio del colon distal de ratas controles y fueron sometidas a hipoxia durante 10 díasa 0,52 atm. Se montaron preparados de mucosa aislada en una cámara de Ussing modificada para medir QO2 preservando el transporte vectorial transepitelial. Se añadió amilorida a la hemicámara mucosa para bloquear un componente de la Isc debido al sodio presente en ratas hipóxicas. En esta condición, la Isc basal fue similar en ambos grupos, pero el QO2 fue mayor enlos controles. La indometacina (30 mmol/L) redujo igualmente la Isc en ambos grupos; siendo la disminuciónde QO2 mayor en el hipóxico. El bloqueo de la secreció de cloruro (farmacológico y por omisión del ión) suprimió la disminución de Isc en ambos grupos y deQO2 en el control, y redujo, sin abolir, la disminución de QO2 en el hipóxico. El análisis de regresión lineal de cambios en QO2 versus cambios en Isc mostró en ambos grupos correlación significativa con líneas de regresiónde igual pendiente, pero más alta en el hipóxico. Los resultados sugieren que las prostaglandinas liberadas espontáneamente son igualmente importantes en mantener la secreción de cloruro en ratas hipóxicas y normóxicas,pero en las primeras la indometacina tiene además un efecto depresor del QO2 no relacionado con el transporte iónico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Hypoxia/metabolism , Colon/drug effects , Indomethacin/pharmacology , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Colon/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Indomethacin/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Rats, Wistar
6.
Acta gastroenterol. latinoam ; 35(1): 13-18, 2005. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410105

ABSTRACT

El transporte iónico epitelial exige aporte de ATP provisto por el metabolismo aeróbico. En el colon distal de rata, la secreción de cloruro explica la mayor parte del transporte electrogénico medido como corriente de cortocircuito (ISC). La inhibición de la secreción basal de cloruro reduce el consumo epitelial de oxígeno (QO2), mientras que la serotonina aumenta proporcionalmente ISC y QO2. El efecto de la serotonina es mediado por receptores 5HT4 acoplados a adenilato ciclasa medianteproteína G estimulante (GS). En este trabajo seestudió si el aumento del QO2 asociado con la secreción de cloruro es un efecto común a otros agentes que actúan sobre cAMP o Ca2+. Los efectos del inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa, 3-isobutil-1-metilxantina (IBMX) y del agonista muscarínico carbacol (ambos a 0.1 mmol/L) se evaluaron en la mucosa aislada del colon distal de rata montado en una cámara de Ussing modificada para determinación continua de la concentración de oxígeno, permitiendo medir QO2. Se compararon la ISC y el QO2 basales con las resultantes del añadido de serotonina (control activo), IBMX, carbacol, o IBMX y carbacol. Todos aumentaron proporcionalmente ISC y QO2. Aunque el efecto de IBMX solo fue modesto y el del carbacol fue breve, se observó una sinergia cuando fueron agregados simultáneamente. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró una correlación significativa entre los incrementos de ISC y de QO2 (r2 = 0.746; P menor que 0.0001). Por tanto, la estimulación de la secreción de cloruro aumenta el QO2 independientemente de la vía efectora intracelular involucrada. Estos resultados corroboran el estrecho acoplamiento entre secreción de cloruro y QO2 en este epitelio.


Epithelial ion transport is dependent on ATP supply provided by aerobic metabolism. In the rat distal colon chloride secretion accounts for the largest portion of electrogenic transport measured as the short-circuit current (ISC). Inhibition of basal chloride secretion decreases epithelial oxygen consumption (QO2) in this tissue, while serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) proportionally increases both Isc and QO2. The effect of serotonin in this tissue is mainly mediated by 5HT4 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase through a stimulant G protein (GS). This work assessed whether the chloride secretion-induced increase in QO2 is a common characteristic of secretagogues, which act through either cAMP-dependent or Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. The effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1- methylxantine (IBMX) and muscarinic agonist carbachol (both 0.1 mmol/L) were studied in rat distal colon isolated mucosa mounted in an Ussing chamber adapted for continuous measurement of oxygen concentration, allowing determination of QO2. Baseline ISC and QO2 were compared with ISC and QO2 after addition of either serotonin as an active control, IBMX, carbachol or IBMX plus carbachol. Each drug increased proportionally Isc and QO2. Although the effect of IBMX alone was modest and that of carbachol was short-lived, a synergic effect on Isc and QO2 was seen when both drugs were simultaneously added. Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between increases in ISC and QO2 (r2 = 0.746; P < 0.0001). Thus, stimulation of chloride secretion increases QO2 regardless of the intracellular pathway involved. These results extend previous findings, corroborating the close coupling between chloride secretion and QO2 in this epithelium


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Calcium/metabolism , Chlorides/metabolism , Colon/metabolism , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Carbachol/pharmacology , Drug Interactions , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Serotonin/pharmacology
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 7(4): 211-8, abr. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-264868

ABSTRACT

Los glucocorticoides inhalados (GCI) constituyen hoy un tratamiento de primera línea del asma bronquial. Los efectos sistémicos de los GCI, como la supresión del eje hipotalámico/hipofisario/adrenal, son en general menores que los de los glucocorticoides orales. Sin embargo, existe el riesgo de efectos adversos sobre el hueso a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar los datos publicados acerca de los efectos de los GCI sobre los marcadores del metabolismo óseo y la densidad mineral ósea en adultos y en pacientes pediátricos. Aunque los estudios examinados no proporcionan resultados uniformes, en términos generales sugieren que los GCI pueden afectar al metabolismo y a la densidad mineral ósea, en particular 1) cuando se administran a dosis elevadas (más de 400 mg/día en niños y más de 800 mg/día en adultos); 2) en pacientes pediátricos, en los que también pueden afectar al crecimiento en estatura; 3) en pacientes cuya ingesta de calcio y vitamina D es inadecuada, y 4) en mujeres postmenopáusicas sin terapia de reemplazo hormonal. En general, a dosis terapéuticamente equivalentes, la beclometasona tiene mayor efecto deletéreo sobre el hueso que la budesonida, y esta mayor que la fluticasona. Además de la precaución obvia de utilizar la menor dosis eficaz, se proponen como medidas preventivas: 1) la adecuada instrucción sobre el uso de los aerosoles; 2) el uso de cámaras de inhalación; 3) el enjuague bucal tras la administración de GCI, y 4) ajustes o suplementos dietéticos para asegurar una adecuada ingesta de calcio y vitamina D


Subject(s)
Asthma , Inhalation , Glucocorticoids , Metabolism , Bone Density , Argentina
8.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 59(6): 698-704, 1999.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-253524

ABSTRACT

With the aim of establishing optimal dosage schedules, 171 women with either orvet (OH, n=80) or subclinical (SCH, n=91) hypothyroidism were assessed before and 6 months after starting L-thyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy. Each group was further classified into four subgroups according to post-therapy serum TSH level, as follows; A) complete suppression; B) partial suppression; C) normal range and D) above normal range (insufficient response). In all subgroups, LT4 doses were higher for OH than for SCH, whether expressed as total daily dose (mug) or as a function of either actual or ideal body weight (mug/kg BW). In OH, LT4 dose was higher for subgroups A or B as compared with either C or D. In SCH, subgroup A received a larger dose than the other subgroups. Post-treatment serum thyroxine levels showed the same pattern for both OH and SCH. Mean LT4 dose was similar in patients with high and normal antithyroid antibodies and in patients with goiter and in those without it. In goitrous patients thyroid volume decreased in subgroup B, particularly in those patients that had elevated antithyroid antibodies, but not in subgroup C. In OH patients a significant negative correlation was found between daily LT4 dose per Kg actual BW and actual BW, especially in subgroup C for patients with a body mass index > 27 kg/cm2 (r = -0.90, p<0.001). In subgroup C of the SCH group, a negative correlation between LT4 dose and age was noticed. Both in OH and in SCH, LT4 dose per kg actual BW required to obtain a serum TSH within the normal range was lower in women with a body mass index (BM) > 27 kg/m2 than in those with a BMI = 27 kg/m2. LT4 doses for subgroup C did not differ from those needed in hypothyroid patients with previous Graves' disease, in either OH or SCH patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , Adolescent , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Thyrotropin/blood , Thyroxine/blood , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Follow-Up Studies , Graves Disease/blood , Graves Disease/drug therapy , Hyperthyroidism/blood , Thyroxine/administration & dosage , Thyroxine/therapeutic use
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